Flow information
| Data set information | |
| Name | lead |
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| General comment | Lead is a lustrous metal. When freshly cut, surfaces are bluish white but oxidise readily to the familiar dull grey colour. Lead has four naturally occurring isotopes: 208Pb (51 - 53 %), 206Pb (23.5 - 27 %), 207Pb (20.5 - 23 %) and 204Pb (1.35 - 1.5 %). Three of the natural isotopes are radioactive (208Pb, end product of thorium decay; 206Pb and 207Pb, from uranium series). A number of unstable radioactive isotopes of Pb also exist. Lead is a preferred shielding material against gamma rays and X-rays; if sufficiently pure, it does not become radioactive when used for shielding against neutron sources (Sutherland et al., 1997). Uses: Generally toxicity concerns and substitution by plastics and copper have reduced the market considerably. Main applications of lead are the following (Sutherland et al., 1997): - Batteries: The battery market is by far the largest end use of lead. Batteries for starting, lighting and ignition (SLI) represent the predominant use of lead. Traction batteries are used to power electric vehicles. Stationary batteries are used for standby and emergency power supply. - Pigments and Lead Compounds: After batteries, the next largest use of refined lead is in glass making, ceramic glazes, plastic stabilisers, and paints. The lead pigment market is now very small. - Semi finished Products: Rolled and extruded lead, mainly sheet and pipe, account for about 8 % of total lead use. - Cable Sheathing: A major area of lead use was in the protection of electrical and telecommunications cables, but this market has declined drastically due to substitution by aluminium and plastics. - Lead Alloys: Solders, type metal, bearing alloys containing lead still account for about 4 % of the lead consumption. - Gasoline Additives: In 1972 the use of tetraethyl lead for improving the octane rating of gasoline was nearly 400’000 t/a. Since then, this sector has declined by 70 % due to restrictions through environmental legislation. - Shot and Ammunition: Shot and ammunition account for about 2 % of lead consumption and represent a steady market. - Miscellaneous: Uses that do not fall into the above categories account for about 4 % of lead use, and include products featuring the high density of lead such as wheel weights, yacht keels, ornamental items, stained glass, and massive radiation shielding. Proxy: All lead alloys produced on this activity, such as antimonial lead up to 10% Sb, calcium-aluminium lead alloys with or without tin and soft lead with low and high copper content, are grouped and approximated with "lead", the reference product. Calculated value. EcoSpold01Location=RER |
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| Geography | |
| Location of supply | RER |
Modelling and validation
| LCI method | |
| Type of flow | Product flow |
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Administrative information
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| Time stamp (last saved) | 2021-11-17T10:07:36.238768 |
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| Publication and ownership | |
| UUID | 2606ddbd-98b0-5720-b8d1-f9c66375cbf1 |
| Data set version | 01.00.000 |
Flow Properties
| Flow Property | Mean value | Minimum value | Maximum value | Uncertainty distribution type | Relative StdDev in % | Data derivation type / status | General comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 % |